2026
1.
Kurzyna, Stanisław; Mazelanik, Mateusz; Wasilewski, Wojciech; Parniak, Michał
Hybrid quantum memory leveraging slow light and gradient echo duality Journal Article
In: Phys. Rev. A, vol. 113, no. 6, 2026, ISSN: 2469-9934.
@article{Kurzyna2026,
title = {Hybrid quantum memory leveraging slow light and gradient echo duality},
author = {Stanisław Kurzyna and Mateusz Mazelanik and Wojciech Wasilewski and Michał Parniak},
doi = {10.1103/8wzh-jk9z},
issn = {2469-9934},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-06-00},
urldate = {2026-06-00},
journal = {Phys. Rev. A},
volume = {113},
number = {6},
publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2.
Czerwinski, Artur; Lasota, Mikołaj; Jarzyna, Marcin; Kucharczyk, Mateusz; Jachura, Michał; Banaszek, Konrad
Modeling Optical Key Distribution Over a Satellite-to-Ground Link Under Weak Atmospheric Turbulence Journal Article
In: IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 32, no. 1: Advances in Free Space Laser, pp. 1–13, 2026, ISSN: 1558-4542.
@article{Czerwinski2026,
title = {Modeling Optical Key Distribution Over a Satellite-to-Ground Link Under Weak Atmospheric Turbulence},
author = {Artur Czerwinski and Mikołaj Lasota and Marcin Jarzyna and Mateusz Kucharczyk and Michał Jachura and Konrad Banaszek},
doi = {10.1109/jstqe.2025.3597073},
issn = {1558-4542},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-01-00},
urldate = {2026-01-00},
journal = {IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.},
volume = {32},
number = {1: Advances in Free Space Laser},
pages = {1--13},
publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
3.
Ko, Gabriel; Krokosz, Wiktor; Mazelanik, Mateusz; Wasilewski, Wojciech; Parniak, Michał
Background-free calibrated electric-field imaging with Rydberg-state fluorescence and Autler-Townes splitting Journal Article
In: Opt. Express, vol. 34, no. 14, 2026, ISSN: 1094-4087.
@article{Ko2026,
title = {Background-free calibrated electric-field imaging with Rydberg-state fluorescence and Autler-Townes splitting},
author = {Gabriel Ko and Wiktor Krokosz and Mateusz Mazelanik and Wojciech Wasilewski and Michał Parniak},
doi = {10.1364/oe.601412},
issn = {1094-4087},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-00-00},
urldate = {2026-00-00},
journal = {Opt. Express},
volume = {34},
number = {14},
publisher = {Optica Publishing Group},
abstract = {<jats:p>We demonstrate a spatially resolved method for imaging millimeter-wave (mmWave) electric fields using Rydberg-state fluorescence in a warm atomic vapor. By utilizing a multi-photon ladder excitation scheme, we leverage a specific decay channel that remains dark in the absence of the mmWave field, resulting in high-contrast imaging with effectively zero background. Absolute calibration of the local electric field is achieved by reconstructing the Autler–Townes splitting of the Rydberg resonance across the imaging volume. To ensure robust field extraction across a wide dynamic range–including regimes where spectral features are not fully resolved–we employ a steady-state analysis based on the Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan–Lindblad (GKSL) master equation. We apply this technique to visualize standing-wave interference patterns within a vapor cell and demonstrate the ability to engineer local field distributions using structured dielectric reflectors. This approach provides a versatile and self-calibrating platform for the diagnostic imaging of high-frequency electromagnetic fields and the characterization of mmWave-optical interfaces.</jats:p>},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
<jats:p>We demonstrate a spatially resolved method for imaging millimeter-wave (mmWave) electric fields using Rydberg-state fluorescence in a warm atomic vapor. By utilizing a multi-photon ladder excitation scheme, we leverage a specific decay channel that remains dark in the absence of the mmWave field, resulting in high-contrast imaging with effectively zero background. Absolute calibration of the local electric field is achieved by reconstructing the Autler–Townes splitting of the Rydberg resonance across the imaging volume. To ensure robust field extraction across a wide dynamic range–including regimes where spectral features are not fully resolved–we employ a steady-state analysis based on the Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan–Lindblad (GKSL) master equation. We apply this technique to visualize standing-wave interference patterns within a vapor cell and demonstrate the ability to engineer local field distributions using structured dielectric reflectors. This approach provides a versatile and self-calibrating platform for the diagnostic imaging of high-frequency electromagnetic fields and the characterization of mmWave-optical interfaces.</jats:p>
2025
4.
Borówka, Sebastian; Mazelanik, Mateusz; Wasilewski, Wojciech; Parniak, Michał
Optically-biased Rydberg microwave receiver enabled by hybrid nonlinear interferometry Journal Article
In: Nat Commun, vol. 16, no. 1, 2025, ISSN: 2041-1723.
@article{Borówka2025,
title = {Optically-biased Rydberg microwave receiver enabled by hybrid nonlinear interferometry},
author = {Sebastian Borówka and Mateusz Mazelanik and Wojciech Wasilewski and Michał Parniak},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-025-63951-9},
issn = {2041-1723},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-12-00},
urldate = {2025-12-00},
journal = {Nat Commun},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
abstract = {<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>
<jats:p>Coupling a Rydberg vapour medium to both microwave and optical fields enables the benefits of all-optical detection, such as minimal disturbance of the measured field and resilience to very strong signals, since no conventional antenna is required. However, peak sensitivity typically relies on adding a microwave local oscillator, which compromises the all-optical nature of the measurement. Here we introduce an alternative, <jats:italic>optical-bias detection</jats:italic>, that maintains fully optical operation while achieving high sensitivity. To address laser phase noise, which is critical in this approach, we perform a simultaneous measurement of the noise using a nonlinear process and correct it in real time via data processing. This yields a 35 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio compared with the basic method. We demonstrate a sensitivity of <jats:inline-formula>
<jats:alternatives>
<jats:tex-math>$$176,{{{rm{nV}}}}/{{{rm{cm}}}}/sqrt{{{{rm{Hz}}}}}$$</jats:tex-math>
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mml:mn>176</mml:mn>
<mml:mspace/>
<mml:mi>nV</mml:mi>
<mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
<mml:mi>cm</mml:mi>
<mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
<mml:msqrt>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mi>Hz</mml:mi>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msqrt>
</mml:math>
</jats:alternatives>
</jats:inline-formula>, reliable operation up to 3.5 mV/cm at 13.9 GHz, and quadrature-amplitude modulated data transmission, underlining the ability to detect microwave field quadratures while preserving the unique advantages of all-optical detection.</jats:p>},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>
<jats:p>Coupling a Rydberg vapour medium to both microwave and optical fields enables the benefits of all-optical detection, such as minimal disturbance of the measured field and resilience to very strong signals, since no conventional antenna is required. However, peak sensitivity typically relies on adding a microwave local oscillator, which compromises the all-optical nature of the measurement. Here we introduce an alternative, <jats:italic>optical-bias detection</jats:italic>, that maintains fully optical operation while achieving high sensitivity. To address laser phase noise, which is critical in this approach, we perform a simultaneous measurement of the noise using a nonlinear process and correct it in real time via data processing. This yields a 35 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio compared with the basic method. We demonstrate a sensitivity of <jats:inline-formula>
<jats:alternatives>
<jats:tex-math>$$176,{{{rm{nV}}}}/{{{rm{cm}}}}/sqrt{{{{rm{Hz}}}}}$$</jats:tex-math>
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mml:mn>176</mml:mn>
<mml:mspace/>
<mml:mi>nV</mml:mi>
<mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
<mml:mi>cm</mml:mi>
<mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
<mml:msqrt>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mi>Hz</mml:mi>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msqrt>
</mml:math>
</jats:alternatives>
</jats:inline-formula>, reliable operation up to 3.5 mV/cm at 13.9 GHz, and quadrature-amplitude modulated data transmission, underlining the ability to detect microwave field quadratures while preserving the unique advantages of all-optical detection.</jats:p>
<jats:p>Coupling a Rydberg vapour medium to both microwave and optical fields enables the benefits of all-optical detection, such as minimal disturbance of the measured field and resilience to very strong signals, since no conventional antenna is required. However, peak sensitivity typically relies on adding a microwave local oscillator, which compromises the all-optical nature of the measurement. Here we introduce an alternative, <jats:italic>optical-bias detection</jats:italic>, that maintains fully optical operation while achieving high sensitivity. To address laser phase noise, which is critical in this approach, we perform a simultaneous measurement of the noise using a nonlinear process and correct it in real time via data processing. This yields a 35 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio compared with the basic method. We demonstrate a sensitivity of <jats:inline-formula>
<jats:alternatives>
<jats:tex-math>$$176,{{{rm{nV}}}}/{{{rm{cm}}}}/sqrt{{{{rm{Hz}}}}}$$</jats:tex-math>
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mml:mn>176</mml:mn>
<mml:mspace/>
<mml:mi>nV</mml:mi>
<mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
<mml:mi>cm</mml:mi>
<mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
<mml:msqrt>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mi>Hz</mml:mi>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msqrt>
</mml:math>
</jats:alternatives>
</jats:inline-formula>, reliable operation up to 3.5 mV/cm at 13.9 GHz, and quadrature-amplitude modulated data transmission, underlining the ability to detect microwave field quadratures while preserving the unique advantages of all-optical detection.</jats:p>
5.
Nowosielski, Jan; Mazelanik, Mateusz; Wasilewski, Wojciech; Parniak, Michal
Superheterodyne Rydberg S-band receiver with a multi-tone local oscillator based on an atomic transition loop Journal Article
In: Appl. Opt., 2025, ISSN: 2155-3165.
@article{Nowosielski2025,
title = {Superheterodyne Rydberg S-band receiver with a multi-tone local oscillator based on an atomic transition loop},
author = {Jan Nowosielski and Mateusz Mazelanik and Wojciech Wasilewski and Michal Parniak},
doi = {10.1364/ao.557585},
issn = {2155-3165},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-06-17},
urldate = {2025-06-17},
journal = {Appl. Opt.},
publisher = {Optica Publishing Group},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
6.
Kasza, Bartosz; Borówka, Sebastian; Wasilewski, Wojciech; Parniak, Michał
Atomic-optical interferometry in fractured loops: A general solution for Rydberg radio-frequency receivers Journal Article
In: Phys. Rev. A, vol. 111, no. 5, 2025, ISSN: 2469-9934.
@article{Kasza2025,
title = {Atomic-optical interferometry in fractured loops: A general solution for Rydberg radio-frequency receivers},
author = {Bartosz Kasza and Sebastian Borówka and Wojciech Wasilewski and Michał Parniak},
doi = {10.1103/physreva.111.053718},
issn = {2469-9934},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-05-00},
urldate = {2025-05-00},
journal = {Phys. Rev. A},
volume = {111},
number = {5},
publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
abstract = {<jats:p>The development of novel radio-frequency atomic receivers has brought attention to the theoretical description of atom-light interactions in sophisticated multilevel schemes. Of special interest are schemes where several interaction paths interfere with each other, bringing about the phase-sensitive measurement of detected radio fields. In the theoretical modeling of those cases, the common assumptions are often insufficient to determine the boundary detection parameters, such as the receiving bandwidth or saturation point, critical for practical considerations of atomic sensing technology. This evokes the resurfacing of the long-standing problem on how to describe an atom-light interaction in a fractured loop. In such a case, the quantum steady state is not achieved even with constant, continuous interactions. Here we propose a method for modeling such a system, basing our approach on the Fourier expansion of a nonequilibrium steady state. The proposed solution is both numerically effective and able to predict edge cases, such as saturation. Furthermore, as an example, we employ this method to provide a complete description of a Rydberg superheterodyne receiver, obtaining the boundary parameters describing the operation of this atomic detector.</jats:p>
<jats:sec>
<jats:title/>
<jats:supplementary-material>
<jats:permissions>
<jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement>
<jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year>
</jats:permissions>
</jats:supplementary-material>
</jats:sec>},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
<jats:p>The development of novel radio-frequency atomic receivers has brought attention to the theoretical description of atom-light interactions in sophisticated multilevel schemes. Of special interest are schemes where several interaction paths interfere with each other, bringing about the phase-sensitive measurement of detected radio fields. In the theoretical modeling of those cases, the common assumptions are often insufficient to determine the boundary detection parameters, such as the receiving bandwidth or saturation point, critical for practical considerations of atomic sensing technology. This evokes the resurfacing of the long-standing problem on how to describe an atom-light interaction in a fractured loop. In such a case, the quantum steady state is not achieved even with constant, continuous interactions. Here we propose a method for modeling such a system, basing our approach on the Fourier expansion of a nonequilibrium steady state. The proposed solution is both numerically effective and able to predict edge cases, such as saturation. Furthermore, as an example, we employ this method to provide a complete description of a Rydberg superheterodyne receiver, obtaining the boundary parameters describing the operation of this atomic detector.</jats:p>
<jats:sec>
<jats:title/>
<jats:supplementary-material>
<jats:permissions>
<jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement>
<jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year>
</jats:permissions>
</jats:supplementary-material>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec>
<jats:title/>
<jats:supplementary-material>
<jats:permissions>
<jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement>
<jats:copyright-year>2025</jats:copyright-year>
</jats:permissions>
</jats:supplementary-material>
</jats:sec>
7.
Krokosz, Wiktor; Nowosielski, Jan; Kasza, Bartosz; Borówka, Sebastian; Mazelanik, Mateusz; Wasilewski, Wojciech; Parniak, Michał
Electric-field metrology of a terahertz frequency comb using Rydberg atoms Journal Article
In: Optica, vol. 12, no. 11, 2025, ISSN: 2334-2536.
@article{Krokosz2025,
title = {Electric-field metrology of a terahertz frequency comb using Rydberg atoms},
author = {Wiktor Krokosz and Jan Nowosielski and Bartosz Kasza and Sebastian Borówka and Mateusz Mazelanik and Wojciech Wasilewski and Michał Parniak},
doi = {10.1364/optica.578051},
issn = {2334-2536},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-00-00},
urldate = {2025-00-00},
journal = {Optica},
volume = {12},
number = {11},
publisher = {Optica Publishing Group},
abstract = {<jats:p>
Terahertz radiation finds an increasing number of applications, yet efficient generation and detection remain a challenge and an active area of research. In particular, the precise detection of weak and narrowband terahertz signals is notoriously difficult. Here, we employ a type of single-photon detector based on Rydberg atoms to both detect and calibrate a terahertz frequency comb over an octave-spanning range, yet with MHz-level selectivity. We calibrate the intensity of the electric field of the comb against the fundamental atomic properties while achieving the intensity (power) sensitivity down to 45.2f Wcm
<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>
Hz
<jats:sup>−0.5</jats:sup>
(1.84f WHz
<jats:sup>−0.5</jats:sup>
) within a single mode of the frequency comb, all in a room-temperature-operated setup. Our results elucidate the transition of terahertz frequency combs into the quantum regime, enabling high-precision and high-sensitivity spectroscopy. This breakthrough allows terahertz science to better leverage revolutionary techniques developed for optical frequency combs.
</jats:p>},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
<jats:p>
Terahertz radiation finds an increasing number of applications, yet efficient generation and detection remain a challenge and an active area of research. In particular, the precise detection of weak and narrowband terahertz signals is notoriously difficult. Here, we employ a type of single-photon detector based on Rydberg atoms to both detect and calibrate a terahertz frequency comb over an octave-spanning range, yet with MHz-level selectivity. We calibrate the intensity of the electric field of the comb against the fundamental atomic properties while achieving the intensity (power) sensitivity down to 45.2f Wcm
<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>
Hz
<jats:sup>−0.5</jats:sup>
(1.84f WHz
<jats:sup>−0.5</jats:sup>
) within a single mode of the frequency comb, all in a room-temperature-operated setup. Our results elucidate the transition of terahertz frequency combs into the quantum regime, enabling high-precision and high-sensitivity spectroscopy. This breakthrough allows terahertz science to better leverage revolutionary techniques developed for optical frequency combs.
</jats:p>
Terahertz radiation finds an increasing number of applications, yet efficient generation and detection remain a challenge and an active area of research. In particular, the precise detection of weak and narrowband terahertz signals is notoriously difficult. Here, we employ a type of single-photon detector based on Rydberg atoms to both detect and calibrate a terahertz frequency comb over an octave-spanning range, yet with MHz-level selectivity. We calibrate the intensity of the electric field of the comb against the fundamental atomic properties while achieving the intensity (power) sensitivity down to 45.2f Wcm
<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>
Hz
<jats:sup>−0.5</jats:sup>
(1.84f WHz
<jats:sup>−0.5</jats:sup>
) within a single mode of the frequency comb, all in a room-temperature-operated setup. Our results elucidate the transition of terahertz frequency combs into the quantum regime, enabling high-precision and high-sensitivity spectroscopy. This breakthrough allows terahertz science to better leverage revolutionary techniques developed for optical frequency combs.
</jats:p>